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Часть текста: although many of the rich landholders in Russia passionately desire the maintenance of serfdom, no one is found to justify the institution ‒ no one to undertake its defence: not even the government. It is nevertheless a question of capital importance. Indeed, the whole Russian Question, for the present at least, may be said to be included in that of serfdom. Russia cannot make a step in advance until she has abolished slavery. The serfdom of the Russian peasant is the servitude of the Russian empire. The political and social existence of Western Europe formerly was concentrated in châteaux and in cities. It was essentially an aristocratic, or municipal existence. The peasant remained outside of the movement. The revolution took little thought of him. The sale of national property had no effect upon his condition, except to create a limited provincial bourgeoisie. The serf knew well enough that the land did not belong to him: he only looked for a personal and negative emancipation: an emancipation of the labourer. In Russia the reverse is the case. The original organization of that agricultural and communistic people was essentially democratic. There were no châteaux, very few towns, and those few nothing but large villages. No distinction existed between the peasant and the citizen. The rural commune, as it still exists, is the exact image of the great communes of Novgorod, Pskow, Kiev. Moscovite centralization, indeed, destroyed the autonomy of the towns: but the humble word commune preserved its self-government, its trial by jury, its justices of the peace, till after the reign of Ivan the Terrible: that is to say, till the XVIIth century. The soil was not as yet the subject of individual property: each rural commune held its allotment of land. Each of its members had the right to cultivate a portion of that holding, and each appropriated in effect the fruits of his own labour. Such is still the tenure...
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Часть текста: мира далью, туманом и своей волей. В Лондоне не было ни одного близкого мне человека. Были люди, которых я уважал, которые уважали меня, но близкого никого. Все подходившие, отходившие, встречавшиеся занимались одними общими интересами, делами всего человечества, по крайней мере делами целого народа, знакомства их были, так сказать, безличные. Месяцы проходили – и ни одного слова о том, о чем хотелось говорить. …А между тем я тогда едва начинал приходить в себя, оправляться после ряда страшных событий, несчастий, ошибок. История последних годов моей жизни представлялась мне яснее и яснее, и я с ужасом видел, что ни один человек, кроме меня, не знает ее и что с моей смертью умрет и истина. Я решился писать; но одно воспоминание вызывало сотни других, все старое, полузабытое воскресало – отроческие мечты, юношеские надежды, удаль молодости, тюрьма и ссылка [217] – эти ранние несчастия, не оставившие никакой горечи на душе, пронесшиеся, как вешние грозы, освежая и укрепляя своими ударами молодую жизнь. Я не имел сил отогнать эти тени, – пусть они светлыми сенями, думалось мне, встречают в книге, как было на самом деле. Ия стал писать с начала; пока я писал две первые части, прошли несколько месяцев поспокойнее… Цепкая...
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Часть текста: ×) des paysans peuvent être nourris et habillés aux frais du gouvernement — mais cela n’est pas général. Les étudiants aux frais de la couronne peuvent appartenir également aux classes aristocratiques, au clergé. Рукой H. П. Огарева: And I take the реn for a few words on the NB 2: I consider — not as a socialist, but simply as a Russian, the system of dividing the fields between the members of the commune, as a transitory state to a communal cultivation of all the ground and sharing the profits, as it is used among our people in all other branches of industry (as carpenters, bricklayers etc.) where the workmen go to work in companies, called artel , and share the profits of the work among the members of the artel almost equally. I think the future of our husbandry is the cultivation of the ground by artels ; the spirit of the peasantry-life is inclining towards this issue of the question. I will remember you also two interesting facts of the present days: 1. The peasants till now refuse to change the corvée for the payment of rent, saying, that if they acknowledge the right of rent, they will acknowledge the right of landed property of the lords; and as they do not acknowledge this right they rather will work at the corvée than pay any rent. 2. They do not subscribe any act or contract (уставная грамота) with the landlords, being sure that the course of things will be quite another than what is ruled by the government. N. Ogareff. Ch. H. Paerson Esq. 1 Wellington street. Перевод 31 окт<ября>. Orsett House. Westbourne Terrace....