Поиск по творчеству и критике
Cлово "PEASANT"
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Входимость: 57. Размер: 61кб.
Часть текста: serfdom should be made, if not an European, at least an English question. London, which has become the permanent oecumenical seat of council for all movements of liberty, emancipation, progression, can scarcely remain indifferent to such a question as that of white slavery in Russia[1]. White slavery in Russia has been too little attacked: perhaps because it has not been defended with the fierce tenacity of Transatlantic slaveholders. For it is to be remarked, that although many of the rich landholders in Russia passionately desire the maintenance of serfdom, no one is found to justify the institution ‒ no one to undertake its defence: not even the government. It is nevertheless a question of capital importance. Indeed, the whole Russian Question, for the present at least, may be said to be included in that of serfdom. Russia cannot make a step in advance until she has abolished slavery. The serfdom of the Russian peasant is the servitude of the Russian empire. The political and social existence of Western Europe formerly was concentrated in châteaux and in cities. It was essentially an aristocratic, or municipal existence. The peasant remained outside of the movement. The revolution took little thought of him. The sale of national property had no effect upon his condition, except to create a limited provincial bourgeoisie. The serf knew well enough that the land did not belong to him: he only looked for a personal and negative emancipation: an emancipation of the labourer. In Russia the reverse is the case. The original organization of that agricultural and communistic people was essentially democratic. There were no châteaux, very few towns, and those few nothing but large villages. No distinction existed between the peasant and the citizen. The rural commune, as it ...
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Часть текста: of this letter we understood our position precisely in the same manner as the great Italian; and, in proof, permit me to beg your insertion of a few lines translated from Russian, and published in the last number of the «Kolokol» (№ 96, April 15). It is necessary to explain that on the 10th of April we had designed to celebrate with our fellow-labourers in the Russian printing-office, and our friends, the event of the emancipation of the peasants in Russia, and on the morning of that day arrived by telegraph the account of the massacres at Warsaw. We quote from the article referred to: Our fête was sombre, sinister: we have known few days more heavy, when the mind has been more painfully oppressed by conflicting sentiments; never before did lampions hang so close to tears. The time is still far distant when a Russian may hold a fête for any event whatever in gaiety of heart, with no sad thought behind, with no anxious care. We had grown young again at the great news of the emancipation of the peasants; we looked forward with hope and anticipated with emotion our proposed meeting, prepared to drink, for the first time in our lives, the health of the emperor Alexander II, liberator of the peasants. We knew perfectly well to what obloquy we should expose ourselves by this act on the part of a narrow-minded political puritanism and mean jealousies. But we also knew that this toast, pronounced by us at our table, would have an echo in the heart of the emperor Alexander, very different from that of an enthusiasm under censure of the gendarmes and warmed by the police. But our hand fell, our toast was chocked in the blood at Warsaw. The crime was too recent, the wounds still bled, the corpses had not had time to become stiff. The name of the czar expired on our lips; ...
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Часть текста: — comme une nouvelle phase de propriété et non comme une transition. Je cède la plume à Ogareff, qui veut aussi vous communiquer quelques observations. Encore un mot. Les étudiants (× ×) des paysans peuvent être nourris et habillés aux frais du gouvernement — mais cela n’est pas général. Les étudiants aux frais de la couronne peuvent appartenir également aux classes aristocratiques, au clergé. Рукой H. П. Огарева: And I take the реn for a few words on the NB 2: I consider — not as a socialist, but simply as a Russian, the system of dividing the fields between the members of the commune, as a transitory state to a communal cultivation of all the ground and sharing the profits, as it is used among our people in all other branches of industry (as carpenters, bricklayers etc.) where the workmen go to work in companies, called artel , and share the profits of the work among the members of the artel almost equally. I think the future of our husbandry is the cultivation of the ground by artels ; the spirit of the peasantry-life...
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Часть текста: Любезный Гарибальди, Я передам ваши симпатические слова полякам и русским офицерам. По счастью, мы поступили согласно с вашим советом, прежде чем получили его. Достоинства в этом большого нет — нам выбора не было. Правда, что мы мечтали о будущем союзе всех народов славянского происхождения, но мы оставляем эти pia desideria[29] иному, дальнему, грядущему. Настоящие события требуют полную самозаконность Польши — без фраз, ее безусловную независимость от России и немцев. Можно было думать, что император Александр, который так славно поступил в крестьянском деле, поймет историческую необходимость восстановления Польши. По несчастию, в нем слишком много прусского, австрийского и, сверх того, монгольского. Холодно рассчитанный капкан, расставленный Польше с бездушным восточным лукавством, в котором характер кошки берет верх над тигром, ставят его вне вопроса. Прежде получения вашего письма я прочитал отрывок из него в телеграфических новостях и тотчас послал в лондонские журналы небольшой ответ. Посылаю вам «Daily News», — если вы не имеете ничего против, напечатайте его в «Diritto». Сверх того, прилагаю небольшое воззвание наше к русским войскам, стоящим в Польше, сделанное в 1854 году. Пользуюсь сим случаем, любезный Гарибальди, чтоб вам повторить то, что вам говорит весь свет, — что мы удивляемся вам со всей полнотой симпатии и любви. Жму вашу руку А. Герцен. Orsett-house, 19 апреля. Примечания Печатается по тексту К, л. 97 от 1 мая 1861...